Google has unveiled an incredible new quantum computing chip named ‘Willow,’ which it claims can solve in just minutes a problem that would take the world’s fastest supercomputers ten septillion years to complete – a number that vastly exceeds the known age of the Universe!

What Exactly Is Willow and Why Is It So Special?

Willow is Google’s newest quantum chip, 10 years in the making and designed and manufactured in its cutting-edge fabrication facility in Santa Barbara, California. Featuring 105 qubits, Willow, a chip designed to be used in quantum computers, is partly so special because it represents a leap forward in error correction which, until now, has been one of the most challenging hurdles in quantum computing.

According to Hartmut Neven, Founder and Lead of Google Quantum AI, Willow marks the first demonstration of “below-threshold” error rates. This essentially means that as the system scales and more qubits are added, the error rates will actually decrease (a historic first in the field). Neven says, “Willow can reduce errors exponentially as we scale up using more qubits. This cracks a key challenge in quantum error correction that the field has pursued for almost 30 years.”

The new chip’s design combines breakthroughs in system engineering, fabrication quality, and calibration, enabling Google to achieve unprecedented quantum performance benchmarks.

Mind-Boggling Performance

To give some idea of what it can do, Google says it tested Willow’s capabilities using the random circuit sampling (RCS) benchmark, a widely recognised test of quantum processors. Willow completed the computation in under five minutes – a task that would take today’s fastest supercomputers ten septillion years (a number with 24 zeros on the end!). As mentioned above, for context, this number vastly exceeds the age of the known Universe!

Beats Google’s Previous Quantum Best

This result builds on Google’s previous quantum milestone in 2019 with the Sycamore processor but far surpasses it in scale and efficiency. As Google’s Neven points out, “The rapidly growing gap shows that quantum processors are peeling away at a double exponential rate and will continue to vastly outperform classical computers as we scale up.”

How Does Willow Compare?

Willow’s achievements may be remarkable, but it’s worth noting that comparison to classical computing requires a more nuanced understanding of the subject. For example, unlike classical supercomputers such as Frontier, which handle a vast array of general computational tasks, quantum processors like Willow are not designed to replace them. Instead, Willow is really more of a specialised tool, excelling in problems where the principles of quantum mechanics provide distinct advantages.

Professor Alan Woodward from the University of Surrey highlights this distinction, cautioning that benchmarks like random circuit sampling (RCS) are “tailor-made for a quantum computer” and may not reflect its capability to outperform classical systems across a broad spectrum of tasks. In essence, therefore, Willow shines in areas where quantum computation can explore massive, parallel possibilities, which is something classical machines cannot replicate efficiently.

Therefore, rather than being a universal replacement, quantum systems like Willow are expected to work alongside classical computers. This complementary approach should combine the strengths of both technologies, i.e. classical machines for general-purpose tasks and quantum processors for solving problems involving immense complexity, such as simulating molecular interactions or optimising quantum systems. Willow’s role, then, is not to dominate computing but to expand its horizons into previously unreachable territories.

Benefits and Applications

That said, the potential benefits of quantum computing are vast. Quantum systems could revolutionise fields such as pharmaceuticals, energy, and climate science. For instance, they may allow researchers to simulate molecular interactions at a quantum level, unlocking new drug discoveries or designing more efficient batteries.

Google is also keen to highlight the potential for applications in nuclear fusion research and AI. Neven noted, “Quantum computation will be indispensable for collecting training data that’s inaccessible to classical machines, training and optimising certain learning architectures, and modelling systems where quantum effects are important.”

A “Milestone Rather Than A Breakthrough”

Impressive as it sounds and despite its reported successes, Willow is actually far from a fully functional, large-scale quantum computer. Achieving practical applications will require continued advances in error correction and scaling. Critics point out that Willow, while impressive, is still largely experimental.

Michael Cuthbert, Director of the UK’s National Quantum Computing Centre, described Willow as a “milestone rather than a breakthrough,” emphasising the need for sustained progress. Even Neven acknowledged that a commercially useful quantum computer capable of real-world applications is unlikely before the end of the decade.

Competition and Risks

It’s worth remembering at this point that Google is certainly not alone in the quantum race. IBM (along with several start-ups and academic institutions) is exploring alternative quantum architectures, including trapped-ion systems that operate at room temperature. Also, governments worldwide are heavily investing in quantum technologies, recognising their strategic importance.

However, the power of quantum computing also comes with risks. For example, the ability to crack traditional encryption methods poses a significant security challenge, potentially enabling cybercriminals to access sensitive data. Researchers are already developing quantum-proof encryption to counteract this threat.

Looking Ahead

It seems that Google, though immensely (and many would say rightly) proud of Willow, envisions it as a stepping stone toward a new era of computation. While practical, commercially relevant quantum computers remain a long-term goal, the achievements of Willow have rekindled optimism in the field. As Neven put it, “Willow brings us closer to running practical, commercially relevant algorithms that can’t be replicated on conventional computers.”

For now, the unveiling of Willow signals that quantum computing’s potential is within reach, though its true impact (for better or worse) is still unfolding.

What Does This Mean For Your Business?

The unveiling of Google’s Willow chip represents a pretty remarkable milestone in quantum computing and offers a tantalising glimpse of the potential for solving computational problems once deemed insurmountable. Its reported ability to perform in minutes what would take classical supercomputers ten septillion years is undeniably very impressive, setting a new benchmark in the field and demonstrating quantum computing’s unique advantages over traditional systems. However, despite these headline-grabbing achievements, it is clear that Willow is only one step on a much longer journey.

For all its advancements, Willow remains a specialised component within a highly experimental domain. While its success in reducing error rates and scaling up qubits is a critical breakthrough, the broader applicability of such achievements remains a little limited for now. In short, this is not a universal machine ready to tackle all computational challenges, but a powerful tool for specific tasks that leverage the peculiarities of quantum mechanics.

Also, the gap between experimental results and practical, real-world applications remains significant. Researchers and developers must still address critical hurdles, including further reducing error rates, improving quantum coherence, and scaling systems to handle truly complex, commercially relevant problems. Even Google acknowledges that a fully functional quantum computer capable of revolutionising industries is unlikely to emerge before the end of the decade.

As competitors like IBM and start-ups pursue alternative quantum architectures, and governments invest heavily in quantum research, it is clear that the race is far from over. At the same time, the growing power of quantum systems raises legitimate concerns about data security, forcing researchers to grapple with the dual-edged nature of these advancements. The prospect of cracking current encryption methods underscores the urgency of developing quantum-resistant security protocols.

Willow’s significance, therefore, lies as much in what it symbolises as what it has achieved so far, and it is essentially a clear marker of progress in a field characterised by slow, incremental advances and long-term vision. For now, quantum computing remains a realm of vast potential and equally significant challenges, with Willow standing as both a milestone in the present and a beacon for what may be possible in the future. Whether it can fulfil its promise to reshape industries and tackle humanity’s most complex problems remains to be seen, but it is undeniably a step closer to a quantum future.